In LoRaWAN technology, what radio modulation technique is used to achieve long-range communication (up to 15 km) with low power?
LoRa physical layer uses Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation, providing resilience to interference and exceptional long-range capability.
What frequency band is allocated in India for license-exempt UHF RFID applications such as FASTag toll collection?
In India, the 865–867 MHz band is de-licensed for Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) RFID systems like FASTag.
In SCADA systems, what component directly interfaces with physical sensors/actuators and converts signals to digital messages sent to the master station?
RTUs and PLCs are field hardware devices that gather sensor inputs, execute localized control logic, and transmit data back to the central SCADA supervisory station.
What is the key difference between Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE / Bluetooth Smart)?
BLE (introduced in Bluetooth 4.0) is designed for ultra-low power consumption, enabling devices to run for years on coin-cell batteries.
In 3GPP cellular IoT standards, which technology provides low-power wide-area coverage utilizing existing 4G LTE cellular spectrum?
NB-IoT (Cat-NB1) and LTE-M (Cat-M1) are cellular LPWAN technologies standardized by 3GPP for low-power, wide-area IoT deployment.