How many unique states are present in an n-stage Johnson (Twisted Ring) Counter?
An n-stage Johnson counter connects the inverted output Q' of the last flip-flop back to the first input, generating 2n unique states.
How many unique states are present in an n-stage standard Ring Counter?
A standard n-stage Ring counter circulates a single 1 bit through n flip-flops, yielding exactly n distinct states.
In an Asynchronous (Ripple) counter, how are flip-flop clock terminals triggered?
In ripple counters, flip-flops are cascaded so that stage output Q drives the clock input of the succeeding stage, causing cumulative ripple delay.
In a Synchronous counter, how are clock inputs wired across all flip-flops?
In synchronous counters, every flip-flop transitions simultaneously because all clock terminals are connected in parallel to a common clock.
What type of register allows parallel data loading and serial data output?
PISO registers load all input bits simultaneously in parallel and shift them out sequentially one bit per clock cycle.