In Object-Oriented Design, what is the key difference between Class Inheritance ('is-a') and Object Composition ('has-a')?
Option C is correct. Composition ('has-a') provides runtime flexibility by delegating tasks to contained objects, adhering to the principle: 'Favor object composition over class inheritance'.
Which type of Coupling occurs when one module passes a composite data structure (e.g., a record/struct) to another module, but the receiving module uses only a few fields?
Option E is correct. Stamp Coupling occurs when an entire data structure (like an object or struct) is passed to a function, even if the function only requires a portion of its fields.
Which architectural style structures an application as a collection of loosely-coupled, independently deployable micro-services communicating via lightweight protocols (e.g., HTTP REST APIs)?
Option C is correct. Microservices Architecture divides a large application into autonomous services organized around business domains, deployable independently.
What is the formula for Thomas McCabe's Cyclomatic Complexity V(G) given a Control Flow Graph with E edges, N nodes, and P connected components?
Option B is correct. McCabe's Cyclomatic Complexity formula for a graph is V(G) = E - N + 2P. For a single program (P=1), V(G) = E - N + 2.
If a Control Flow Graph contains P predicate (decision) nodes, what is its Cyclomatic Complexity V(G)?
Option A is correct. Cyclomatic complexity can be calculated directly by counting predicate decision nodes: V(G) = P + 1.