Which communication model in IIoT allows devices to publish industrial sensor data to a message broker, which then broadcasts it to interested subscribers?
Publish/Subscribe (Pub/Sub) middleware decoupled in time and space (like MQTT or AMQP) is widely used in IIoT for efficient, lightweight, asynchronous message distribution across factory devices.
In the context of IoT security and safety, what does the 'ARMET' approach stand for?
ARMET provides a run-time monitoring and recovery mechanism designed to ensure dependability, fault tolerance, and resilience in critical IoT applications against anomalies and attacks.
In a Smart Grid application of IoT, what device replaces traditional electromechanical electricity meters to enable two-way automated communication between utilities and consumers?
Smart Meters under Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) record electric consumption in real-time and communicate bidirectional data over cellular or mesh RF networks to utility management systems.
What role does IoT play in Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Infrastructure?
IoT enables smart EV charging stations (EVSE) using protocols like OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol) for dynamic load management, remote billing, operational telematics, and grid integration.
Which concept refers to designing IoT software and systems such that security threats and safety hazards are addressed from the initial conceptual design phase rather than added as an after-thought?
Security-by-Design ensures that security controls, fault prevention, threat modeling, and privacy mechanisms are embedded into the hardware and software architecture lifecycle from the very beginning.