In MQTT protocol, what component acts as the central message broker receiving all messages and routing them to subscribed clients?
LoRa uses Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation and is designed for long-range, low-power wireless communication.
In CoAP protocol message header, which 2-bit field indicates message reliability types (Confirmable, Non-confirmable, Acknowledgement, Reset)?
The CoAP header contains a 2-bit Type (T) field: 0=Confirmable (CON), 1=Non-confirmable (NON), 2=Acknowledgement (ACK), 3=Reset (RST).
Which low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology uses Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation to achieve long communication ranges?
LoRa uses Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) modulation and is designed for long-range, low-power communication. Actual range depends on deployment conditions, antenna characteristics, and spreading factor.
Which cellular protocol standard was introduced by 3GPP specifically for low-power M2M device communication over existing cellular networks?
Both NB-IoT and LTE-M were standardized by 3GPP in Release 13 specifically for low-cost, low-power cellular IoT/M2M applications.
Which Modbus variation transmits messages as ASCII characters over serial cables, using LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check) for error checking?
Modbus ASCII encodes data into readable ASCII characters with LRC error checking, whereas Modbus RTU uses binary data with CRC-16.