Which game environment is Fully Observable and Deterministic?
In standard chess, all piece locations are visible (fully observable) and moves have no random or chance elements (deterministic).
In which of the following AI applications is Backward Chaining primarily utilized?
Backward chaining is goal-driven, making it ideal for diagnosis (hypothesize disease -> test symptoms), logic programming (query evaluation in Prolog), and automated theorem proving. Options (A), (B), and (C) are all standard applications.
In decision tree algorithms, how is Shannon's Entropy H(S) mathematically defined for a dataset with classes having proportions p_i?
Shannon entropy quantifies impurity or information disorder: H(S) = - sum(p_i * log2(p_i)). When a node is completely pure, entropy is 0.
In contrast to BERT's bidirectional encoder, what architecture underlies the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) family?
The GPT family uses an autoregressive, decoder-only Transformer with causal masking that restricts attention to preceding tokens, generating text sequentially token-by-token.
If the environment state changes while an agent is deliberating, the environment is called:
A dynamic environment changes independently of the agent's actions while the agent deliberates (e.g., taxi driving).