Who coined the term 'Internet of Things' (IoT) in 1999 while working at Procter & Gamble?
Kevin Ashton coined the term 'Internet of Things' in 1999 during a presentation at Procter & Gamble (P&G) to describe a system where RFID and sensors connect physical objects to the Internet.
What are the four foundational pillars of the Internet of Things (IoT)?
Cisco defined the Four Pillars of IoE/IoT as People (connecting people in meaningful ways), Process (delivering right info to right person/thing), Data (converting data into intelligence), and Things (physical devices/sensors).
In the context of IoT architecture, what is the primary role of an 'Actuator'?
Sensors convert physical parameters into digital/electrical signals, whereas actuators perform the reverse—converting electrical signals into physical actions (e.g., opening a valve, switching on a motor, moving a robotic arm).
Which layer in the standard 3-layer basic IoT architecture is responsible for gathering real-world data using sensors, RFID tags, and actuators?
The 3-layer IoT architecture consists of: 1) Perception Layer (sensors, RFID tags gathering physical data), 2) Network Layer (data transmission via wired/wireless networks), and 3) Application Layer (delivering services to users).
What does the 'DNA of IoT' framework refer to in IoT system engineering?
The 'DNA of IoT' stands for Device (hardware, sensors, edge nodes), Network (connectivity, protocols), and Application (cloud platforms, user interface, analytics).