Which of the following is a key requirement for IoT middleware interoperability?
IoT middleware achieves interoperability by providing hardware abstraction (HAL), multi-protocol communication bridges, and semantic data translation (options A, B, and C are all valid).
What is the purpose of 'Zero-Touch Provisioning' (ZTP) in large-scale IoT deployments?
Zero-Touch Provisioning allows IoT devices to connect to a network, authenticate via pre-programmed certificates, download firmware, and configure settings automatically upon installation.
Which lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol operates over TCP/IP and is designed for constrained networks with high latency and low bandwidth?
MQTT (invented by Andy Stanford-Clark and Arlen Nipper in 1999) is an extremely lightweight pub/sub protocol widely used for IoT device-to-cloud telemetry over TCP.
What does 'CoAP' stand for in constrained IoT protocol stacks?
CoAP stands for Constrained Application Protocol. It is a specialized web transfer protocol designed for constrained microcontrollers and low-power lossy networks, operating over UDP.
Which feature of IoT sensors allows them to consume negligible current while idle and wake up periodically to send data?
Battery-operated IoT nodes rely on Deep Sleep or Power Saving Modes (PSM) where CPU cores and radios shut down, drawing microamperes until triggered by an interrupt or timer.