ISRO CSE 2017 PYQ

Detailed Explanation:

$Hierarchical access mode: T_{avg} = T_cache + (1 - H) * T_main.$

Detailed Explanation:

For (a ↔ c) → (~b → (a ∧ c)), consider truth values $a=0$, $b=0$, $c=0$.

$(a ↔ c) = (0 ↔ 0) = True.$

$~b = ~0 = True.$

$(a ∧ c) = (0 ∧ 0) = False.$

$(~b → (a ∧ c)) = (True → False) = False.$

Detailed Explanation:

OR gate output $f = A + B$.

$Using De Morgan's: A + B = (A' . B')'.$

Detailed Explanation:

Maximum value of n-bit binary number is ($2^n - 1)$.

Detailed Explanation:

XOR gate output is 1 (high) when inputs differ (one 0 and one 1).