If a single-procedure control flow graph contains P predicate nodes (decision points like if/while), what is its Cyclomatic Complexity V(G)?
Option C is correct. For a control flow graph of a single procedure with P predicate nodes (binary decision conditions), Cyclomatic Complexity is V(G) = P + 1.
Which level of software testing focuses on verifying individual units, modules, or functions in isolation from the rest of the system?
Option B is correct. Unit Testing tests individual components or modules in isolation, typically performed by software developers during the coding phase.
In Top-Down Integration Testing, what dummy control modules are written to simulate lower-level modules that are not yet developed?
Option B is correct. In Top-Down Integration Testing, Stubs act as dummy lower-level modules called by higher-level modules being tested. Drivers are used in Bottom-Up Integration.
In Bottom-Up Integration Testing, what auxiliary code modules are constructed to invoke and pass test data to lower-level modules?
Option C is correct. Bottom-Up Integration Testing uses Drivers (main control programs) to simulate higher-level modules and feed test data to the lower-level modules under test.
Which testing type is performed after modifying software code to ensure that changes have not introduced new bugs or broken existing functionality?
Option A is correct. Regression Testing re-executes existing test suites after code modifications, bug fixes, or enhancements to confirm that unchanged features remain functional.