In solid-state drives (SSDs), why is a Flash Translation Layer (FTL) required?
Option A is correct. FTL maps file system LBAs to physical flash pages, manages block erasures, and performs wear leveling so flash memory cells wear down evenly.
What is the purpose of the TRIM command in SSD storage management?
Option B is correct. TRIM lets the OS notify the SSD when files are deleted. The FTL can then clean up invalid blocks ahead of time, maintaining SSD write performance over time.
Which I/O data transfer mode transfers an entire block of data continuously without releasing the system bus until the transfer completes?
Option C is correct. In Burst Mode DMA, the DMA controller acquires the bus and transfers a complete block of continuous data before releasing control back to the CPU.
In a 2-level directory system, why are user name collisions avoided across different users?
Option A is correct. A 2-level directory maintains a Master File Directory (MFD) pointing to individual User File Directories (UFDs). Different users can create files with identical names without conflict.
Which UNIX command changes the user owner of a specified file or directory?
Option D is correct. Option D is correct because both Option A (chown) and Option B (Valid alternative formulation of chown) are valid features/answers.